Policy making in South Africa - 6476 Words

Introduction. Government exists in order to organise a society or nation into a manageable unit. It seeks to formulate laws for the purpose of instituting a fair, equitable and just society in which individual citizens expect to live safely being organised both to contribute to and to benefit from sound governing policy. Broadly speaking policy consists of three overhead functions which are: policy making, policy implementation and policy analysis and evaluation. The task of this assignment is to concentrate only on policy-making with particular reference to the elimination of the high crime rate in South Africa. The policy-making process has three main steps, namely policy initiation; policy formulation and policy approval. Policy†¦show more content†¦1.2. The meaning of public policy. The nature of policy is a multidimensional and there are various definitions of what public policy is. According to Fox, Schwella and Wissink (1991:27-28) the following basic fundamentals of public policy can be identified and are summarised below:Policy is developed by government role players, although non-government role players may influence the policy formulation and development and public policy is a purposive or goal-orientated action rather than random or chance behaviour (Fox, Schwella and Wissink: 1991:27). Hanekom (1987:7) further elaborates and describes policy-making as the activity preceding the publication of a goal and it is therefore a formally articulated goal that the legislator intends pursuing with society. Botes et al (1992:191) further describes public policy making as being the systematic actions which should be taken to achieve the goals of the relevant institution. Fox, Schwella and Wissink (1991:27-28) further state that public policy generally consists of a series of decisions taken jointly by politicians and/or officials rather than individual decisions. Public policy is a future-orientated, changing document which is aimed at the general welfare of the public (Fox, Schwella and Wissink: 1991:29). Thus, public policy is a systematic goal-orientated action that is developed by governmental bodies and officials in consultation with the public, which emerges in responseShow MoreRelatedForeign Policy : The Transition Of Democracy1039 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion 1. Foreign Policy Analysis: 1. Introduction: Foreign policy involves the goals, strategies, measures, understanding, agreements, directives and rules in which national governments conduct international relations with each other as well as international organisations and non-governmental actors. South Africa s post-apartheid foreign policy vision has become prosperous, peaceful, democratic, non-racial, non-sexist and united which contributes to the world that is equitable. This essay willRead MoreInformation and Communication Technology Growth in South Africa663 Words   |  3 PagesDespite continued dynamic growth in the South African information and communication technology (ICT) sector, most significantly in the mobile sector, this growth has yet to meet the national goals of affordable access for all South Africans to the full range of information and communication services. Access to mobile voice and data continues to grow, however broadband access (in particular fixed-line broadband) remains comparatively and noticeably l ower than other lower to middle income countriesRead MoreGender Roles And Gender Inequality1576 Words   |  7 Pagesalready earn less than men in economic spheres (â€Å"Fact Sheet†, 2010). The underlying gender roles and gender inequality that persists in South Africa help not only to explain their unbelievably difficult daily burdens but it also aids in the understanding of the lack of economic and political representation of women in the region (Bentley, 2004). Within South Africa there is a significant gap in the lack of opportunity and representation of women within the economic and political sphere, which directlyRead MoreThe Effects of Globalization1678 Words   |  7 Pageswhich is commonly referred to as a global village (Egnatz, 2011). South Africa is integrated highly into the world economy. South Africa is the strongest African economy and has attained positions like being a member of G8 .All these are as a result of globalization. Globalization has had an impact on the economy, the government and social nature resulting to some effects. The paper will look at how globalization has affected South Africa under several categories. It will also give an explanation onRead MoreEconomic Growth And Development Of South Africa1193 Words   |  5 Pages Viviers (cited by Vollgraaf 2016:p2) as a result of Brexit South Africa’s economic growth is expected to have a 0.1% cut-back due to its trading relations with the countries concerned. Bowler (2016:p1) stated that the UK’s pound depreciated after the Brexit occurrence, which could result in the UK’s imports being expensive. The country will be inclined to import less causing its trading import partners to suffer in the process. South Africa’s e xport demand in the UK market is going to decreaseRead MoreHistorical Background Of The Era Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pagesracial institution that was established in 1948 by the National Party that governed South Africa until 1994. The term, which literally means â€Å"apartness,† reflected a violently repressive policy designed to ensure that whites, who comprised 20% of the nation’s population, would continue to dominate the country. Although the policy began officially in 1948, the practice of racial discrimination has deep roots in South African society. As early as 1788, Dutch colonizers began establishing laws and regulationsRead MoreHow Increase The Number Of People With Higher Education1390 Words   |  6 PagesHow to increase the number of people with higher education in South Africa? In 21st century, many people think the African economy is poised for great things. But lots of problems, which are directly related to economy, still exist and should be fixed, especially the problem of education. South Africa is one of the sovereign states on the worlds, completely surrounded by one other state in southern Africa. South Africa’s economy developed rapidly, but they are facing an important problem-they haveRead MoreInterpersonal Cross-Cultural Competencies And Capabilities1376 Words   |  6 Pagesanother. South Africa has a rich and complex culture and history of its own since its independence from Britain nearly a century ago. This essay will go on to discuss in depth the culture and history, as well as geography and military history and concluding with an understanding of how the people of South Africa live. South Africa’s history starts more than 100,000 years ago, when the first modern humans lived in the region, however we will be discussing the more modern times of South Africa. In 1814Read MoreAnglo American Plc Case Study1709 Words   |  7 PagesCASE STUDY ON ANGLO AMERICAN PLC IN SOUTH AFRICA Submitted by Kamlesh Bind PGDM –IB ( 08) 1. What are the pros and cons of Anglo American’s adoptions of a strategy in combating HIV/AIDS among its South African workforce ? What recommendation would you give the company concerning its HIV / AIDS policy ? Ans :- Anglo American had a huge investment in South Africa and was hard hit by the HIV / AIDS epidemic . It was one of the first corporation to develop aRead MoreEconomic Policies: What is the Fiscal Policy? Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Economic policies are aimed at finding satisfactory solutions to various problems that emerge from time to time in any economic system. In most instances, the so called problems present themselves in the form of inflation, unsatisfactory or poor economic growth and unemployment. It is not always simple and straight forward to solve such dilemmas, especially because their impact, implications and importance changes from time to time. (Roux, 2008). Making use of the monetary policy and the fiscal

Utilitarianism Vs. Kantian Theory - 1100 Words

Melanie Dolechek 3/30/17 PHI Essay #2 Utilitarianism vs Kantian Theory Morality is a complex subject and ethical dilemmas yield differing opinions and theories that have manifested through time by intelligent philosophers. There were two influential philosophers’ names Jeremy Bentham and Immanuel Kant, who formed differing theories, in an attempt to set a uniform approach to ethical dilemmas and morality. Bentham was a firm supporter of Utilitarian theory; which focuses on overall happiness and consequences of an action (EMP 122). While Kant believed in his own theory that moral rules are absolute (EMP 129). Utilitarianism and Kantian ethics have few strengths and notable weaknesses, thus proving both theories implausible when compared to†¦show more content†¦Utilitarianism attempts to consider the interests of others. However, when focusing on happiness, we fail to consider aspects such as rights and justice (EMP 115). When taking into consideration someone who is wanting to perform a deliberate suicide, overall happiness should not be the only issue to consider. This does not seem plausible since, if happiness is the only factor, anyone could justify any case of Euthanasia on grounds that they were unhappy and the world would be a better place without them. Doctors would be able to justify assisted suicide, which could quickly lead down a slippery slope where anyone who wanted to end their life would be able to do so at any time. Utilitarianism considers the feelings of others, correlating with the minimum concept of morality, which states that we take all individuals involved, into account. However, this theory considers everyone’s happiness equally important, which would take away, the intimacy and bonding from those we have close relationships with, as their happiness is no more important than the stranger walking down the street (EMP 116). Utilitarianism poses a strong theory, however it fails to address moral issues based on reason, as their only consideration for moral issues is the overall happines s achieved. Immanuel Kant was an influential philosopher that looked at ethics and morality from a different perspective from Utilitarians. Kant believed that people are obligated to followShow MoreRelated Utilitarianism vs. Kantianism Essay1363 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism vs. Kantianism Ethics can be defined as the conscious reflection on our moral beliefs with the aim of improving, extending or refining those beliefs in some way. (Dodds, Lecture 2) Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism are two theories that attempt to answer the ethical nature of human beings. This paper will attempt to explain how and why Kantian moral theory and Utilitarianism differ as well as discuss why I believe Kants theory provides a more plausible account of ethicsRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Utilitarianism Essay1381 Words   |  6 Pages There are many ethical theories that one can follow. As a result of there being many different theories, some can overlap while others can vary greatly. The two most widely known theories, Utilitarianism and Deontological ethics, greatly conflict with each other. They differ mostly in what they value most, the outcome vs. the action/motive. John Stuart Mill’s Utilitarianism itself differs from the original form of Utilitarianism created by Jere my Bentham. Bentham felt that pleasure was wholly goodRead MoreThe Moral Dispute Of John Stuart Mill And Immanuel Kant1500 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The good, therefore, has been well defined as that at which all things aim.† His theories for happiness and fulfillment followed a theme of pain and pleasure and the proper function. He raised objections to the normative theories by defining his opposition to the claims of others. Aristotle’s argument constitutes taking the righteous path is taking the most ethical path rendering reward with heaven. Aristotle’s theory and argument will be explored further in this review along with the works of someRead MoreEthics - Paper 2. Utilitarianism Vs Universal Ethics. Facts1052 Words   |  5 PagesEthics - Paper 2 Utilitarianism vs Universal Ethics Facts (150 words) The current issue involves Luke, an employee of company ABC (ABC), and his conflict between obligations to work and to family. Luke is responsible for developing land purchased by ABC to construct an adult entertainment retail store. The future building is located at the corner of the neighborhood near where Luke’s brother, Owen, lives. Being an insider, Luke knows that the presence of the business will diminish values of surroundingRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s Ethical Theory865 Words   |  4 Pagespatient of an untreatable cancer, or to not inform. This case in my opinion has the most merit, and can be applied to Mill’s Utilitarian Ethical Theory, the Kantian ethical theory, as well as the Principle of Beneficence and the Principle of Respect for Autonomy in order to determine an appropriate response for the doctor to act upon. Utilitarianism is an idea generated by John Stuart Mill and encompasses the idea of Principle of Utility. The Principle states that acts are right when they produceRead MoreSecurity Vs. Privacy : Should Edward Snowden Be Pardoned For Leaking1277 Words   |  6 PagesSecurity vs. Privacy Should Edward Snowden be pardoned for leaking thousands of classified NSA documents? An analysis of the merits of the Snowden leaks and the broader issue of security vs. privacy and mass surveillance from the perspective of at least two ethical theories. Following the terrorist attacks on 911, President George W. Bush signed into law The USA PATRIOT Act. Intended to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, The Patriot Act the made changes to surveillance laws thatRead MoreDr. Ethos, The Chief Resident Of A Hospital1591 Words   |  7 Pagesall the patients. The question is, what would Dr. Ethos do, if he were Utilitarian (Act vs. Rule)? What would Dr. Ethos do, if he were a Deontologist (Kantian)? Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes Utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophical theory of morality. This theory focuses on the end result, rather than the motive behind it, which makes it a consequential theory. It argues that the morality of the action is solely dependent on the action’s resultsRead MoreLying to Patients and Ethical Relativism910 Words   |  4 PagesI. Lying to Patients and Ethical Relativism Ethical Relativism and Ethical Subjectivism Ethical Relativism - theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of ones culture. * a culture. i.e.: nobody should ever steal) Objective vs. Subjective (Telling right from wrong) Paternalism vs. Autonomy Paternalism – authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those lower than them Autonomy is a binomial 1) Enlightenment ethics – celebration of the individual’sRead MoreEssay On Irregularity Vs. Moral Law1556 Words   |  7 Pages Irregularity Vs. Moral Heewon Ko California State Polytechnic University, Pomona Irregularity Vs. Moral Introduction In fall of 2016, students from one of the prestige university in Korea called Ewha Womans University began to protest to discover the truth on one student’s irregularities in admission. The students questioned how could this one student be enrolled in such a prestige school with no qualification. After months of investigation, they found out the mother of the studentRead MoreObjections to Utilitarianism1467 Words   |  6 Pageslast week, that UTILITARIANISM is a version of CONSEQUENTIALISM in that it holds that the RIGHT action (in any given situation) is the action WHICH HAS THE WHICH HAS THE BEST CONSEQUENCES; CONSEQUENTIALIST ethical theories may be contrasted with DEONTOLOGICAL – or DUTY-BASED theories (such as Kant’s) Now, some ( but not all) deontological theories are versions

Scenario Thinking Free Essays

Scenario thinking is a tool of finding out what will happen in the coming future (Mahaffie, J. 2008). It is a new way of planning in which the organization thinks through all the future possibilities and the decisions are made based on the possibilities that benefit the most (Fahey, L Robert M. We will write a custom essay sample on Scenario Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now Randall, 1997). This strategic planning tool removes uncertainty and allows organizations to realize the risks and dangers that might occur if a certain project is carried out. Now that we have a clear idea of what Scenario thinking is, we can move on and elaborate how our consulting team applies this in our sporting and concert events at major locations. Planning is very important in each and every activity especially in event management. Therefore, before anything else, there is a planning phase. This phase is very important for obvious reasons and because of this it is given the utmost importance. In this phase each and every aspect of the event is taken into consideration. Each element of the event is planned out in detail. This helps us have an insight in the future by predicting the event before it actually takes place and hence we are in a better position to develop contingency plans for each and every event. The planning is also done on the basis of previous events managed by our consulting team. We learn from experience and since we have a lot of that, we believe that this becomes our strength. As the contingency plans for every possible occurrence are developed before hand, there is a very low chance of any kind of risk involved. By asking ‘what if’ questions, we develop causal relationships between various factors (Scearce, D. Katherine Fulton, 2004). For example in this planning phase, we ask ourselves what if the regulations set by the authorities change in a way which negatively affects our event. The next step would be answering this questions and coming up with a contingency plan. Hence a causal relationship has been developed between the cause (changes in governmental regulations) and our action. By the end of the planning phase, we have a clear idea of how to go about things and hence there is no room for any kind of uncertainties. All the findings that are established in the planning phase are documented and will be available at all times in the next phase with everyone who is involved in the event in any way. Next is the implementing phase. This again is very important and everything in this phase is developed on the basis of what was established in the previous phase. This phase is important because this is when the planning becomes reality. This is the reason why the implementation of planned event is done by people who specialize in their respective fields. The experience and the skills with these specialists remove any chance for errors and hence the risk and failure rate is very low. All our events are carried out on locations that are most popular and enjoyed by the audience. These are therefore the major locations and hence we have another reason to ensure to that all our events are at par with the level that is expected by the audience. Conclusion In conclusion, we would once again like to emphasize that the step by step scenario thinking procedure adopted by our consulting team ensures that our events stand out from the rest. The failure rate is very low therefore the bidders and the investors do not have to worry about the risks that are normally involved in any kind of event. References Fahey, L Robert M. Randall. (1997) Learning from the Future: Competitive Foresight Scenarios. John Wiley and Sons Scearce, D. Katherine Fulton. (2004, July) What if? Retrieved January 2, 2009, from http://www. gbn. com/ArticleDisplayServlet. srv? aid=32655 Mahaffie, J. (2008, Feb 12) Why I love introducing scenario thinking to people? Retrieved January 2, 2009, from http://foresightculture. com/2008/02/12/why-i-love-introducing-scenario-thinking-to-people How to cite Scenario Thinking, Papers

Final Essay Example For Students

Final Essay 1.The Clinton-Lewinsky affair is a very good example of the concentric circle model. Thinking of it in the way explained in the book, as a pebble being dropped in still water. That is exactly what happened in this story. The ripples were the different people that were actually involved in and knew of the story in the first place, before it got out to the public. The medias knowledge of the story started when Michael Isikoff tracked down Linda Tripp, because of tips he received from other people. It is funny to me how the story for the media began which was because there had been rumors that Clinton had asked Monica Lewinsky to perjure, which would have been illegal. What is so funny to me about that is, when the news actually hit the public, the story seemed to change to the fact that Clinton had an affair. Which is exactly what the Newsweek and other news outlets were not interested in reporting. 2.Internet has evolved over the last ten years. It has continually expanded and become every more a part of the medias conglomeration. And the future of the internet is looking very good. Because technology has always surpassed itself, coming out with new and better products on an continual basis. Today the internet is accessible in most schools and children are becoming more computer literate. I believe that one day the internet will surpass all other forms of media. As more people start to become computer literate they will use the internet more. Businesss make billions of dollars a year from the internet. Allowing people to shop in the convenience of their own home has been a huge plus for these businesss. This is a very profitable venue for a business because they dont have all the expenses of an actual store, such as employees and the physical store. 3. The White House Press Secretary has a very unique relationship with the media. The person who has this job more than likely has an abundant amount of information the media would like to know. This goes along very well with what libertarians believe. Which is that people are involved in a life-long quest for knowledge, truth and wisdom. They imagined a word of many diverse publications that there would be room for every outlook. That, truth-seeking individuals exchange ideas in an unstructured, free-wheeling marketplace. And finally that all citizens engaging in great dialogues through the media seemed naive to some people.4.Orson Welles had no idea that what he did that Halloween night in 1938 would have such great impact on people. One-sixth of people that listen to the radio broadcast panicked. The way that listeners perceived the message was not good. They did mention that the broadcast was a joke, but only at the beginning so people that missed that first part did not know tha t it was just a hoax. People actually believed that there were actual aliens that had landed. This was a very good example of how listeners or viewers of a media product go through the different steps of message conception, encoding, transmission, reception and decoding. The people doing the broadcast did it in such of a way that it seemed that they were encoding it to say that the event had happened, if they had not heard them say it wasnt true at the beginning. They used electronic transmission to allow for people to hear it. Reception was the people actually hearing the broadcast. Decoding is how the person translates to themselves what they have just heard. 5.The War of the Worlds best fits the basic model. Looking at the five fundamental steps to this model you can see that it is much like it. Orson Welles came up with the idea to put on the broadcast, this would be the first step. He then actually followed through with it and told the bogus story, which would complete the second step. He did this over the air-waves which is the third step. People listened to the broadcast and made something of it. And the final step is people deciding whether they believed the story or not. .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 , .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .postImageUrl , .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 , .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:hover , .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:visited , .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:active { border:0!important; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:active , .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667 .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue67ad9b51cecd2c3c9cf117d54f23667:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Erwin Johannes Eugen Rommel was born in Heidenheim Essay6.There is no doubt that our society is relies heavily on public opinion polls. All sorts of people and businesss use them to determine a vast array of things from whether people prefer Coke or Pepsi to who people will be voting for in the coming primary election. This can be looked at as both a good and a bad thing depending on whos view you look at it from. For the people and business doing the surveys, they are great. A survey can allow them to know what will probably happen in the future or whether or not they are using the right marketing or presidential campaign. Businesss can increase there profits incredibly i f they know what the consumers want. But for those of us on the other side be targeted to by all of these campaigns it can be seen as ridicules. These businesss and politicians who have these polls conducted for them, use them to sell some sort of and image back to ourselves. The presidents campaign team wants to know how people feel about abortions, before their candidate goes and takes a side on the issue. So it is almost as if that person decision is not based on what he or she really feels, but what will get them the most amount of votes. It can be looked at the same way in a marketing campaign. 7.These days it would be hard to find someone who hasnt heard of MTV. MTV is mainly targeted towards teens. One of the biggest reasons why MTV has been such a success for Viacom is because, it is a Cool thing for teens to watch. Not many teens dislike MTV as they would maybe PBS. MTV has shows that relate to teens, these shows include many of the people these teens look up to in the entertainment business. So the things that they see those people doing, wearing, saying or even eating or drinking, they will want to do. It is a mode of surveillance for them. They can check out what the newest fashions or see what everybody else is listening to. People then take those things they saw or heard on these shows and talk about them or try to copy them. This would be how people use them in socialization. When teens watch these shows the go through the diversion function because, when they are watching they almost are there. They feel like they have left all of their worries and are really in Cancun on MTVs Spring Break Special. 8.News as we know it today has drastically changed from colonial days. Back in the colonial days there was only one way for people to get news and that was by newspaper or magazine. There was no TV or radio in those days. Newspapers and magazines would run daily or weekly depending on there style. As time passed radio was introduced. This gave people an third outlet to get there news from. The invention of the TV did a great deal for News agencies, it allowed them to get the news out to mass audiences. Today we have stations such as CNN that have 24 hour news. This was a big break through when it happened. CNN had a profound effect on how news would be gathered and distributed. Ted Turner saw that people wanted a station like CNN and although he had no experience in News he went out and started a 24/7 news station. CNN has been the only station to cover many events such as the Gulf War, which has helped them very much. Then finally the internet has allowed people access to news 24/7 also.